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Investigations  of  Industries 
in  New  York  City  1905-21 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Investigations  of  Industries 
in  New  York  City 


1905-1921 


A  Revision  of  a  List  of  Published  Reports 

Compiled  in  1916  by 

Heneiette  R.  Waltee 

and  reprinted  with  the  permission  of  the 

Russell  Sage  Foundation 

Bevised  and  Compiled  by 
Mart  E.  Brown 


publishbo)  by 

Vocational  Guidance  and  Employment  Seevick 

foe  junioes 

17  Lexington  Avenub 
New  York  City 


November,  1921  Price  10  cents 


THE  responsibility  of  advising  young  folks 
about  occupations  and  vocations  and  of  plac- 
ing novices  in  industry  is  such  a  weighty  one 
that  it  would  seem  almost  as  if  only  those  who  had 
had  first  hand  experience  in  every  job  and  every 
calling  would  be  rash  enough  to  undertake  it.  Yet 
such  a  wide  range  of  experience  is  manifestly  im- 
possible, and  in  its  stead  teachera,  vocational  coun- 
sellors, and  placements  secretaries  must  needs  rely 
on  reports  and  studies  that  have  been  made  by 
others.  To  ferret  out  this  literature  would  in  itself 
be  no  small  task  for  the  busy  worker.  It  is  with 
the  aim  of  making  such  information  readily  avail- 
able to  all  those  who  are  seeking  light  on  industrial 
conditions,  either  for  themselves,  or  in  order  to  guide 
and  counsel  others,  that  this  bibliography  has  been 
undertaken. 


Investigations  of  Industries 
in  New  York  City 


1905-1921 


A  Revision  of  a  List  of  Published  Reports 

Compiled  in  1916  by 

Henriette  R.  Walter 

and  reprinted  with  the  permission  of  the 

Russell  Sage  Foundation 


Revised  and  Compiled  by 
Mary  E.  Brown 


Helen  M.  Laughlin,  Dean  of  Women 


Published  by 
Vocational  Guidance  and  Employment  Service 

FOR  Juniors 

17  Lexington  Avenue 
New  York  City 


November,  1921  Price  10  cents 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Air  Brush  Work 5 

Automobile  Maintenance  and  Ser- 
vice      5 

Automobile    Mechanics    5 

Artificial     Flower     and     Feather 

Industry    5 

Bakeries    6 

Bookbinding 6 

Brush  Industry    7 

Building  Trades   7 

Button  Industry    8 

Cane  and  Willow  Industry 8 

Carpentry  and  Joining 8 

Case  Making    9 

Celluloid   Industry    9 

Chemical  Industry    9 

Cloth  Sponging  Industry 9 

Clothing   Trades,   Men's 10 

Clothing   Trades,   Women's 12 

Confectionery    Industry    15 

Coppersmithing  Trade   16 

Costume   Illustration    16 

Crochet  Beading   16 

Doll   Industry    16 

Drafting 17 

Dressmaking    17 

Drugs   and   Chemicals 17 

Electrical  Trade   17 

Foundry    '. IS 

Fountain   Pens    IS 

Fur  Industry   ]  9 

Furniture    19 

Gas  and  Electric  Companies.  ...  19 

Insurance    20 

Jewelrv   20 


PAGE 


Laundries 20 

Leather  Industry    22 

Longshore  Work 22 

Machinist    Trade    22 

Mechanical   Dentistry    23 

Mercantile  Establishments      ....   23 

Metal  Industries   25 

Millinery   Trade    25 

Motion  Picture   27 

Novelty  Painting    27 

Nursery   Maids    27 

Paint    and    Varnish    Industry ...   27 

Paper    Industry    28 

Paper  Box  Industry 28 

Paris  Green  and  Scheeles  Green.    29 

Peddling   29 

Perfumery    Trade     29 

Photography    29 

Piano    Industry     ?,0 

Posture  and  Seating    30 

Printing    Industry    30 

Restaurant  and  Hotel  Work ....   30 

Rubber    Industry    31 

Sample  Mounting  and  Case  Mak- 
ing       31 

Sheet  Metal  Goods  Industry ....   31 

Shoe  Industry    32 

Silk    Industry    32 

Straw   Sewing    33 

Telegraph  Operating   33 

Telephone  Operating   33. 

Tobacco  Industry   34 

Transportation     35 

Wood  Alcohol  Industrv 35 


Note. — Addresses  of  publishers  and  others  from  whom  reports  mentioned  in  this 
pamphlet  can  he  obtained,  will   be  found  on  pa^e  36. 


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^  FOREWORD 

T— 

THE  Bureau  of  Womeu  in  Industry  of  the  State  Indus- 
trial   Commission    welcomes    tlie    publication    of    the 
—  compilation  of  the  published  reports  of  investigations 

~3        of  industries   in  New  York  City  by  the  Vocational   Guidance 
and  Employment  Service  for  Juniors. 

The  publication  of  this  compilation  aims  to   indicate  where 

first   hand  information   can   be  secured   regarding  occupations 

in  which  men  and  women  are  engaged  in  New  York  City.     The 

period  covered  is  from  1905  to  1921,  and  while  tlie  list  does 

^         not  claim  to  be  exhaustive,  it  is  felt  that  the  entries  come  very 

V  near  to  approximating  the  total  number  of  published  reports. 

^         Reports  whicli  deal  with  industrial  conditions  that  show  a  cross 

section  of  many  industries  rather  than  a  cross  section  of  one 

industry  in  relation  to  many  problems,  are  unmentioned  here. 

b  The  text  accompanying  the  entries  is  in  no  way  a  critical 

analysis.    Its  purpose  is  simply  to  explain  the  scope  and  method 

5         in  investigation  and  the  subject  about  which  data  is  presented. 

'  The  compilation  is  published  with  the  hope  that  it  may  prove 
useful  in  guiding  those  who  are  searching  for  material  bearing 
on  particular  industries  in  New  York  City,  and  also  that  it  may 
prevent  duplication  of  investigations  in  the  future,  and  stimu- 
late studies  in  which  information  is  lacking. 


'e>* 


Nelle  Swartz,  Chief. 


270205 


\ 


AIR  BRUSH  WORK 

Alliance   Employment   Bureau.     Inquiries   into  Trades   for   Industrial 
Art  Workers.     Air  Brush  Work.     p.  3-6.     New  York,   1913. 

A  brief  study  of  air  brusli  work,  based  ou  information  secured  through 
visits  to  21  firms  and  interviews  with  18  girls.  It  covers  general  conditions 
in  this  branch  of  industrial  art  work,  especially  as  to  wages,  hours  and 
overtime,  seasons,  processes  of  work,  workroom  conditions,  opportunities, 
and  available  means  for  trade  training.  This  study  and  the  others  in  the 
series  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  branches  of  industrial  art 
work  in  which  it  was  desirable  to  place  women  workers,  and  it  is  from  this 
point  of  view  that  the  material  is  treated. 


AUTOMOBILE  MAINTENANCE  AND  SERVICE 

Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education.     January,  1919. 

This  report  includes  six  groups  of  workers;  repair  shop  men,  starting 
and  lighting  experts,  ignition  experts,  storage  battery  men,  fire  repair  men 
and  automobile  and  truck  drivers.  It  gives  a  brief  outline  of  the  work 
of  each  group ;  opportunities,  requirements,  training  needed,  hours  and 
wages. 

AUTOMOBILE  MECHANICS 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Juvenile  Placement  Bureau. 
Jane   Goodfriend  and   Alarie  Holl.     June,   1921. 

The  object  of  this  study  was  not  to  make  a  scientific  survey,  Imt  to 
present  in  readable  form  those  experiences  of  people  engaged  in  the  trade 
which  would  be  of  value  to  the  vocational  secretary.  It  gives  a  history  of 
automol>ile  mechanics  and  the  opportunities  for  young  men  entering  the 
trade.     Forty  shops  were  visited. 

ARTIFICIAL  FLOWER  AND  FEATHER  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary 
Report,  1912.  Vol.  1.  Notes  on  Some  Trades  in  which  Women 
are  Emplovcd.  1.  Artificial  Flowers  and  Feathers,  by  Violet 
Pike.     p.   274-277.     Albany,    1912. 

A  brief  statement,  based  on  inspection  of  94  artificial  flower  and 
feather  factories,  of  the  importance  of  the  trade,  the  branches  of  the  trade, 
the  processes  of  work,  industrial  hazards,  the  condition  of  work  places,  and 
the  extent  of  home  work. 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Wages  of  Artificial  Flower 
Makers.     BuHnin    No.  33,  June,    1907.     p.   149-151. 

A  statement  icgaiding  wages  paid  in  tlie  aitilicial  flower  industry  in 
New  York  City,  based  on  examination  of  payrolls  in  16  estaljHshmenls  em- 


ploying  a  total  of  1,015  workers.  Wages  for  men  and  women  are  compared, 
and  there  is  also  some  information  regarding  home  work  and  irregularity 
of  employment. 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary.  Artificial  Flower  Makers.  Survey  Associates. 
New  York,    1913.     261   p.     Russell   Sage   Foundation    Publication. 

An  intensive  study  of  the  artificial  flower  trade  in  New  York  City,  made 
by  the  Committee  on  Women's  Work  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation  and 
based  on  data  secured  through  interviews  with  174  shop  workers  in  their 
homes,  and  witli  110  families  of  home  workers,  as  well  as  visits  to  114 
factories.  It  includes  descriptions  of  general  conditions  in  the  trade,  its 
processes  of  work,  its  problems, — especially  seasonal  employment  and  home 
work — wages  paid  in  the  trade,  the  type  of  workers  employed,  with  facts 
about  their  personal  and  industrial  histories  and  living  conditions,  and 
opportunities  for  trade  training.  One  chapter  is  devoted  to  a  comparative 
study  of  the  trade  in  Paris. 

BAKERIES 

New  York  City  Commissioner  of  Accounts.  A  report  on  the  Sani- 
tary  Condition   of  Bakeries  in   New  York.     April   18,    1911.      16  p. 

A  brief  report  on  an  investigation  made  by  the  office  of  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Accounts,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Consumers'  League,  into 
sanitary  conditions  in  145  factory  and  cellar  bakeries  in  New  York  City. 
In  addition  to  a  description  of  bad  sanitary  conditions  found,  the  questions 
of  supervision  and  jurisdiction  under  the  law  are  discussed,  and  recom- 
mendations are  given  for  a  new  sanitary  code  relating  to  bakeries. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary 
Report,  1912.  Vol.  1.  Report  on  Bakeries  and  Bakers  in  New 
York  City,  by  Dr.  George  M.  Price,     p.  203-268.     Albany,  1912. 

A  full  report  on  an  investigation  of  New  York  bakeries  with  the  chief 
emphasis  on  sanitation  and  tlie  physical  condition  of  the  workers.  It  is 
based  on  visits  to  497  bake  shops  and  medical  examination  of  800  men  em- 
ployed in  bakeries.  In  addition  to  a  brief  statement  regarding  the  extent 
and  importance  of  the  industry  in  New  York  and  comparisons  with  foreign 
countries,  such  subjects  are  treated  as  tire  hazards,  defective  lighting, 
ventilation  and  other  sanitary  evils  resulting  from  the  location  of  the 
majority  of  the  shops  in  basements,  sex  and  age  of  workers,  hours  of  work, 
night  work,  diseases  found  among  bakers,  and  morbidity  and  mortality 
rates.  A  final  section  deals  with  suggested  remedies  for  bad  sanitary  con- 
ditions and  proposes  minimum  standards. 

BOOKBINDING 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary.  Women  in  the  Bookbinding  Trade.  Survey  As- 
sociates. New  York,  1913.  270  p.  Russell  Sage  Foundation  Pub- 
lication. 

An  intensive  study  of  women's  work  in  the  bookbinding  trade,  made 
by  the  Committee  on  Women's  AVork  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation  and 
based  on  data  concerning  210  of  the  247  binderies  in  Manhattan,  secured 


through  visits  to  the  establishments  and  interviews  with  employers,  and  on 
the  industrial  histories  of  201  women  bookbinders  employed  in  these  bind- 
eries who  were  interviewed  in  their  homes.  It  includes  descriptions  of 
general  trade  conditions  and  of  processes  of  work,  more  particularly  those 
in  which  women  are  employed,  and  data  and  discussion  on  wages,  irregularity 
of  employment,  hours  of  work  and  overtime,  the  status  of  trade  unionism, 
and  opportunities  for  learning  the  trade. 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples. 
Vol.  VIII.     August,  1919,  New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  on  the  bookbinding  industry  based  on  visits  to  factories 
in  New  York  City  and  on  interviews  with  employers.  It  covers  the  growth 
and  size  of  the  industry,  types  of  buildings,  workers,  wages,  hours,  the 
strength  of  the  Union,  processes,  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  crippled 
men.  This  study  is  one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering 
desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men,  and  it  is  from  this  point 
of  view  that  the  material  is  treated. 


BRUSH  INDUSTRY 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples. 
Vol.  VIII.     August,   1919,  New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  on  the  brush  industry  based  on  visits  to  factories  in 
New  York  City  and  on  interviews  with  employers.  It  covers  the  variety 
of  brushes  manufactured,  wages,  hours,  unions,  physical  conditions,  nation- 
alities, attitude  of  employers,  processes  and  advantages  and  disadvantages 
for  crippled  men.  This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering 
desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men,  and  it  is  from  this  point 
of  view  that  the  material  is  treated. 

Paul,  Charles  H.  Publication  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled 
and    Disabled    Men.     Series    II,   No.   7.     May,    1919. 

A  comprehensive  study  based  on  visits  to  several  representative  plants. 
The  origin,  history  and  growth  of  the  industry  are  discussed  as  well  as 
wages,   materials,   processes   and   various   kinds   of  brushes. 


BUILDING  TRADES 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Conciliation  and  Arbitra- 
tion in  the  Building  Trades  of  Greater  New  York,  by  Charles  H. 
Winslow.     Washington,  1913.     95  p.     (Bulletin  No.  124). 

An  account  of  the  history  of  trade  agreements  in  the  building  trades 
of  New  York  City,  and  a  descrifjtion  of  the  plan  of  arbitration  in  use  at 
present  in  trade  disputes  between  employers  and  the  unions  in  the  building 
trades,  with  details  of  the  machinery  of  the  arbitration  board,  its  work, 
the  grievances  submitted,  flicir  disposal,  llic  fiiiaiiciiig  of  tli(-  iilaii,  llic  wage 
rates  paid   in   the  different  occupations,  and   tlic  number  of  workers. 


BUTTON  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  The  Button  Industry,  by  Roswell  Skeel,  Jr.  p. 
339-359.     Albany,   1915. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  conditions  in  covered  and  celluloid  button 
manufacture  in  New  York  City,  based  on  schedules  from  19  celluloid  and 
40  covered  button  factories  and  on  returns  from  916  workers.  Descriptions 
of  processes  of  work  in  each  of  the  branches  studied,  and  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  industry,  together  with  statistics  and  discussion  of  the  sex,  age, 
nativity,  and  occupations  of  the  workers  and  of  wage  rates  and  earnings  in 
correlation  with  age,  occupation,  and  years  of  experience,  form  the  main 
substance  of  the  report. 

United  States  Tariff  Commission.  Tariff  Information  Series  No.  4, 
Washington,    1918. 

A  lengthy  study  of  the  button  industry,  including  a  sjoiopsis  of  the 
provisions  of  the  various  tariff  laws  relating  to  buttons  and  the  raw  ma- 
terials consumed  in  their  manufacture;  the  status  of  the  button  industry 
in  the  United  States;  statistical  tables  for  the  manufacture  of  buttons  in 
the  United  States  and  statements  of  leading  manufacturers  and  manufac- 
turers' association  concerning  conditions  in  the  industry.  Wages  are 
mentioned,  but  hours  and  working  conditions  are  not  discussed. 

CANDY 

See    Confectionery 

CANE   AND    WILLOW    INDUSTRY 

Redding,  BuUis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  Preliminary  Report.  American  Journal 
of  Care  for  Cripples.     Vol.  VIII.     August,  1919. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  and  near  New  York 
City  and  on  interviews  with  employers.  It  covers  the  attitude  of  employ- 
ers; strength  of  the  union;  wages;  nationalities;  physical  conditions; 
location  and  size  of  factories;  hours;  advantages  and  disadvantages  for 
cripples. 

CARPENTRY    AND    JOINING 

Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment.  Industrial  Education  Survey 
of  the  City  of  New  York.     1918. 

A  complete  report  on  the  carpentry  and  joining  industry  based  on 
visits  to  wood-working  mills  and  cabinet  shops  in  New  York  City  and  on 
interviews  with  union  men,  employers  and  school  men.  It  covers  the  im- 
portance of  the  trade;  how  workers  are  obtained;  apprentices;  national- 
ity and  ages  of  workers;  regularity  and  conditions  of  emploj-ment;  scale 
of  wages,  organizations;  methods  of  contracting;  analysis  of  the  trade; 
mill  and  shop  work;  processes;  outside  agencies  for  the  training  of  car- 
penters and  joiners;  and  recommendations  of  trade  committees  and  the 
report  of  the  advisory  committee. 

8 


CASE  MAKING 

See  also  under  Paper  Box   Industry 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory 
Workers.  Case  Making  for  Jewelry  and  Silverware,  p.  23-29. 
New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  the  trade,  based  on  information  from  45  firms,  of 
which  number  30  were  visited.  It  covers  general  conditions  in  the  trade  as 
to  wages,  hours,  seasons,  home  work,  apprenticeship,  nationality  of  workers, 
workroom  conditions,  and  processes  of  work.  This  study  and  the  others 
in  the  series  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in 
which  to  place  womeii  workers  and  are  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

CELLULOID  INDUSTRY 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     July  24,    1918.     Series    1,    No.    16.     pp.   26-28. 

A  brief  report  on  the  celluloid  industry,  based  on  visits  to  factories  in 
New  York  City  and  interviews  with  employers.  The  report  covers  processes, 
wages  and  working  conditions.  This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of 
discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  crippled  and  disabled  men 
and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view.  The  information  is, 
however,  largely  general. 

CHEMICAL   INDUSTRY 

Nevsr  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Bulletin  No.  96.  November, 
1919.     Health   Hazards  of  the   Chemical   Industry. 

A  thorough  and  extensive  study  of  the  chemical  industry  in  New 
York  State  based  on  visits  to  335  plants  in  Buffalo,  Solvay,  Brooklyn, 
Niagara  Falls  and  New  York  City.  The  report  covers  a  history  of  the 
chemical  industry ;  a  list  of  the  products ;  the  many  hazards  and  many 
suggestions  for  improvements.     Wages  and  hours  are  not  discussed. 


CIGAR  AND   CIGARETTE   MANUFACTURE 

See  Tobacco   Industry 

CLOAK,  SUIT  AND  SKIRT  INDUSTRY 

See   Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

CLOTH    SPONGING    INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Special  Bulletin  No.  86. 
Albany,  November,  1919.  Health  Hazard  of  the  Cloth  Sponging 
Industry. 

A  comprehensive  report  of  the  cloth  sponging  industry  based  on  visits 
to  ninety  establishments  in  New  York  State  using  cloth-sponging  devices. 
Tho  report  covers  processes,  hazards,  and  descriptions  of  ten  t,^1)ical  facto- 
ries. Special  emphasis  is  placed  on  the  hazards  of  the  industry,  and  several 
recommendations  are  made. 

9 


CLOTHING  TRADES,  MEN'S 

Best,  Harry.  The  Men's  Garment  Industry  of  New  York  and  the 
Strike  of  1913.  University  Settlement  Studies.  New  York,  u.  d. 
25  p. 

A  brief  sketch  of  the  history  and  present  trade  conditions  in  the  men's 
garment  industry  in  New  York  City,  with  a  full  story  of  the  1913  strike, 
its  causes  and  outcome.  The  study  is  based  on  trade  and  trade  union 
journals,  daily  newspapers,  the  observations  of  the  writer,  and  several  re- 
ports  on  investigations  of  the  men's  clothing  trade. 

National  Civic  Federation.  Fine  Welfare  Work  and  Some  Deplorable 
Conditions  in  Garment  Trades.  New  York,  1909.  31  p.  (Report 
of  Industrial  Employes'  Welfare  Committee  of  Woman's  Depart- 
ment.) 

An  investigation  of  conditions  in  the  garment  trades  in  New  York 
City,  covering  three  factories  manufacturing  men's  clothing,  four  manu- 
facturing women's  clothing,  one  neckwear  factory,  three  tenant  factories, 
and  a  number  of  licensed  tenement  houses.  The  report  gives  in  descriptive 
form  for  each  factory  visited  information  regarding  sanitary  conditions  and 
welfare  work,  and  also  some  data  on  hours  and  wages. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.     Vol.    II.     The    Shirt    Industry,     p.    175-230.     Albany,    1915. 

An  extensive  and  thorough  study  of  the  shirt  industry  in  New  York 
State,  covering  New  York  City,  Troy,  and  Albany.  One  hundred  and  twelve 
factories  were  investigated,  76  of  these,  emplojdng  6,600  workers,  being 
located  in  New  York  City.  In  much  of  the  statistical  matter  the  data  for 
New  York  City  are  combined  with  those  for  the  other  places  investigated, 
but  the  descriptive  matter  makes  distinctions  throughout  regarding  New 
York  City  conditions,  and  statistics  are  given  separately  for  wage  rates  and 
earnings,  weekly  output,  and  fluctuations  through  the  year  in  the  labor  force 
and  in  earnings. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  II.  Men's  Ready- 
made  Clothes.  Washington,  1911.  878  p.  (Senate  Document 
No.  645.) 

A  thorough  and  extensive  study  of  the  men's  clothing  industry  in  the 
Ave  cities  which  are  the  chief  centers  of  the  trade  in  the  United  States — 
New  York,  Chicago,  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  Eochester.  The  investiga- 
tion covered  244  factories  with  a  labor  force  of  23,683  workers,  88  of 
which,  employing  8,008  workers,  were  located  in  New  York  City.  It  was 
conducted  through  interviews  with  employers,  transcriptions  of  payrolls, 
and  cards  filled  by  the  workers,  as  well  as  home  visits  to  2,274  families. 
The  report  includes  discussion  and  statistics  of  the  sex,  ages,  nativitj-,  and 
conjugal  condition  of  the  workers,  the  conditions  in  the  trade  as  to  child 
labor,  hours  of  work  and  overtime,  daily  and  weekly  earnings  for  both 
shop  and  home  workers,  fluctuations  in  employment,  workroom  conditions, 
the  organization  of  the  industry,  its  history  and  development,  processes  of 

10 


work,  and  provisions  for  training  workers  in  the  trade.  There  are  also 
special  sections  dealing  in  greater  detail  with  home  work  and  with  faniilv 
conditions  and  standards. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor 
in  the  Clothing  and  Cigar  Industries,  1911-1913.  p.  5-59.  Wash- 
ington, 1915.     (Bulletin  No.  161.) 

A  study  showing  the  prevailing  full  time  weekly  earnings  and  hours  of 
labor,  and  the  hourly  rates  of  wages  in  the  principal  occupations  in  the 
men's  clothing  industry,  based  on  data  from  the  payrolls  and  time  books 
of  158  shops  in  1911  and  1912  and  of  221  for  1912  and  1913,  and  covering 
18,197  employes  in  seven  cities  in  the  United  States.  Descriptions  of 
general  trade  conditions  as  to  seasons,  organization  of  the  trade,  occupa- 
tion,* and  method  of  wage  payment  are  also  included  in  the  report. 

Joint  Board  of  Sanitary  Control.  Health  Education.  Program  for 
Garment   Workers.     New    York,   April,    1920. 

Report  of  a  survey  made  by  Harriet  Silverman  and  Grace  Bernheim, 
the  Educational  Staff,  after  three  months'  experience  in  the  field,  inspecting 
shops  in  New  York  City.  This  report  covers  the  demand  of  the  industry, 
the  nationality  of  the  workers,  the  duties  of  the  Joint  Board  of  Sanitary 
Control,  the  educational  work  done  during  the  past  year,  and  conclusions 
and  recommendations. 

United  States  Immigration  Commission.  Reports  on  Immigrants  in 
Industries.  Vol.  XI.  Clothing  Manufacturing  in  New  York  City 
p.    365-404.     Washington,    1911. 

A  detailed  study  of  the  manufacture  of  both  men's  and  women's  cloth- 
ing in  New  York  City,  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  position  of  the  im- 
migrant in  these  trades.  It  is  based  on  information  secured  from  7,258 
employes  in  the  clotliing  industries.  Data  are  presented  as  to  the  history 
and  extent  of  the  industry  in  New  York,  racial  displacements,  the  national- 
ity, years  in  the  United  States,  ages,  conjugal  condition,  literacy,  citizen- 
ship, ability  to  speak  English,  and  occupation  abroad  of  workers  investigated, 
working  conditions  in  the  industry,  hours  of  work,  earnings,  size  of  establish- 
ments, and  the  relation  of  the  immigrant  worker  to  organized  labor. 

Redding,  BuUis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  for  the  Cure  of  Cripples. 
Vol.  VIII.     August,  1919.     New  York  City. 

A  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  New  York  City  and  on  inter- 
views with  employers  and  men  prominent  in  tlic  clothing  associations.  It 
covers  the  future  of  the  trade;  piece  work;  seasons;  physical  conditions; 
wages;  nationalities;  unions;  attitude  of  employers;  processes;  advantages 
and  disadvantages  for  disabled  men.  It  is  a  general  study  of  the  trade 
with  methods  of  learning  the  trade  and  conditions  as  a  whole;  special 
mention  is  made  of  opportunities  for  the  crippled. 


*  Bulletin  No.  135  of  the  lUiriaii  of  Lahor  .Statistics,  whicli  gives  somewhat 
similar  data  for  1911  and  1912  only,  contains  fuller  descriptions  of  the  occupations 
in   the   trade. 

11 


CLOTHING  TRADES,  WOMEN'S 

Cohen,  Julius  Henry.  Law  and  Order  in  Industry.  Macmillan  Co., 
New  York,   1916.     292  p. 

A  picture  of  the  women's  garment  trade  in  New  York  City  and  a 
history  and  study  of  the  working  of  the  Protocol  of  Peace  in  the  cloak 
and  suit  industry  during  the  five  years  of  its  existence,  based  on  the  first- 
hand experience  and  information  of  the  author,  who  was  counsel  for  the 
Cloak,  Suit  and  Skirt   Manufacturers'   Protective   Association. 

Goodman,  Pearl,  and  Ueland,  Elsa.  The  Shirtwaist  Trade.  Journal 
of  Political   Economy,     p.   816-828.     December,   1910. 

A  summary  of  an  investigation  of  the  shirtwaist  trade,  presented 
originally  as  a  thesis  for  the  New  York  School  of  Philanthropy.  It  is  based 
on  interviews  with  100  workers  and  visits  to  a  number  of  factories.  Data 
are  presented  on  hours  of  labor  and  overtime,  seasons  and  fluctuations  in 
emplojTnent,  wages,  trade  union  organization,  the  1910  strike,  and  general 
features,  extent  and  organization  of  the  trade. 

Joint  Board  of  Sanitary  Control  in  the  Cloak,  Suit  and  Skirt  and  in 
the  Dress  and  Waist  Industries.*  Special  Report  on  Sanitary 
Conditions  in  the  Shops  of  the  Dress  and  Waist  Industry,  by  Dr. 
George  M.  Price.       New  York,  May,  1913.     23  p. 

An  investigation  of  sanitary  and  safety  provisions  in  707  dress  and 
waist  factories  in  New  York  City.  The  report  also  presents  material  on 
the  extent  and  importance  of  the  industry,  the  sex,  nationality,  and  ages 
of  the  36,658  employes,  the  location  and  character  of  the  shops,  and  a 
special  section  on  the  processes  and  organization  of  work  in  dress  and  waist 
manufacture. 

National  Civic  Federation.  Fine  Welfare  Work  and  Some  Deplorable 
Conditions  in  Garment  Trades.  New  York,  1909.  31  p.  (Report 
of  Industrial  Employes'  Welfare  Committee  of  Woman's  Depart- 
ment). 

See   Clothing  Trades,  Alen's 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary  Re- 
port, 1912.  Vol.  1.  Women  Workers  in  Factories  in  New  York 
State.  2.  Clothing  (Women's  Waists),  by  Violet  Pike.  p.  277-278. 
Albany,    1912. 

A  brief  statement,  based  on  the  inspection  of  228  shirtwaist  factories, 
of  the  processes  of  manufacture,  the  general  conditions  of  work,  and  the 
health  and  fire  hazards  in  the  trade. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Conciliation,  Arbitration 
and  Sanitation  in  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and  Skirt  Industry  in  New  York 
Citv,  by  Charles  H.  Winslow.  p.  203-272.  Washington,  1912. 
(Bulletin   No.   98) 

A  comprehensive  presentation  of  the  history,  terms  and  provisions  of 
the  protocol  established  in  the  cloak,  suit,  and  skirt  industry  in  September, 


*  All  bulletins  and  annual  reports  of  this  board  give  valuable  data  on  conditions 
in   these  two  industries,   especially   as   to   sanitation   and   safety   provisions. 

12 


1910,  and  of  the  organization  of  the  industry  and  the  working  and  trade 
conditions  under  the  administration  of  this  agreement.  It  is  based  on  fii-st- 
hand  study  and  material  furnished  by  the  Joint  Board  of  the  industry. 

Conciliation,  Arbitration  and  Sanitation  in  the  Dress  and 


Waist  Industry  of  New  York  City,  by  Charles  H.  Winslow.  Wash- 
ington,   1914.     196   p.     (Bulletin   No.    145) 

A  study  of  the  development  of  collective  bargaining  in  the  dress  and 
waist  industry  in  New  York  City,  with  comprehensive  discussion  of  the 
protocol  adopted  in  1913,  the  history  of  its  establishment,  and  an  analysis 
of  its  provisions  and  its  practical  administration.  The  report  also  contains 
a  brief  statement  of  the  extent  and  development  of  the  industry,  the  number 
and  personnel  of  the  working  force,  and  the  type  and  location  of  the  shops, 
as  well  as  an  appendix  wliich  presents  a  thorough  study  of  the  industry 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  possibility  of  industrial  education. 

Industrial  Court  of  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and  Skirt  Industry  of 


New  York  City,  by  Charles  H.  Winslow.     Washington,  1914.     78 
p.    (Bulletin  No.   144) 

A  comprehensive  description  of  the  Industrial  Court  or  Board  of  Griev- 
ances in  the  cloak,  suit,  and  skirt  industry  of  New  York  City,  its  work, 
the  nature  and  disposition  of  cases  brought  before  it,  and  an  enumeration 
of  its  rulings. 

Regularity  of  Employment  in  the  Women's  Ready-to-wear 


Garment    Industries,     p.    7-44,    74-122.     Washington,    1916.     (Bul- 
letin  No.   183) 

A  study  of  seasonal  fluctuations  in  the  industries  manufacturing 
women's  ready-to-wear  garments,  their  extent  as  revealed  in  variations  in 
the  amount  of  the  weekly  payroll  over  a  period  of  52  weeks,  their  causes, 
and  attempts  at  regularization.  It  also  contains  descriptions  of  the  processes 
of  work,  of  the  character  of  the  labor  supply,  and  of  the  growi:h  of  the  in- 
dustries included,  and  a  supplementary  study  of  wages,  earnings,  and  over- 
time in  relation  to  regularity  of  employment  for  the  muslin-underwear 
industry  in  New  York  City.  The  investigation  covered  more  than  500  es- 
tablishments, emplojdng  about  150,000  workers,  located  in  four  cities — New 
York,  Chicago,  Cleveland,  and  Boston — about  400  of  these  establishments 
being  located  in  New  York  City.  The  different  industries  comprising  this 
group  are  treated  separately  in  the  statistics,  as  are  also  the  different  cities. 

Wages  and  Regularity  of  Employment  in  the  Cloak,  Suit, 


and  Skirt  Industry,     p.  7-68,  109-191.     Washington,  1915.     (Bulle- 
tin No.    147) 

A  thorough  study  of  wages  and  seasonal  fluctuations  in  emploj-ment  in 
the  cloak,  suit,  and  skirt  industry  in  New  York  City,  undertaken  by  the 
Arbitration  Board  of  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and  Skirt  Industry  with  the  co- 
operation of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  It  is  based  on 
an  examination  of  payrolls  in  90  shops  coming  under  the  protocol  and  13 
independent  or  non-association  shops.  A  thorough  analysis  has  been  made 
of  variations  in  the  labor  force  and  in  the  amount  of  the  payroll  for  each 
of  the  principal  occupations  for  week  workers,  week  by  week  for  a  full 

13 


year.  Piece  workers  were  not  included  in  the  study.  One  entire  section  of 
the  report  is  devoted  to  detailed  descriptions  of  occupations  in  the  industry 
and  plans  for  apprenticeship  for  cutters  and  for  the  education  of  workers 
in  the  trade. 

Wages   and   Regularity  of  Employment  and  Standardiza- 


tion of  Piece  Rates  in  the  Dress  and  Waist  Industry,  New  York 
City,  by  N.  I.  Stone.  Washington,  1914.  313  p.  (Bulletin  No. 
146) 

An  extensive  study  of  the  dress  and  waist  industry  in  New  York  City, 
dealing  primarily  with  the  questions  of  wages  and  irregular  emplojinent 
in  the  industry,  and  based  on  pajToll  records  from  520  establishments  and 
information  regarding  31,485  employes.  The  report  presents  comprehensive 
data  on  hours  of  labor,  occupations  and  processes  of  work,  wages,  method 
of  wage  payment,  effect  of  the  protocol  on  wages  and  hours,  the  number 
and  personnel  of  the  labor  force,  special  features  in  the  organization  of 
the  industry,  seasonal  fluctuations,  and  apprenticeship  and  other  systems 
of  trade  training.  In  addition  to  this  general  material,  a  large  part  of 
the  report  is  devoted  to  an  intensive  study  of  processes  of  work  in  8  es- 
tablishments with  a  view  to  standardizing  piece  rates  in  the  industry. 

United    States    Bureau    of    Foreign   and    Domestic    Commerce.     The 

Women's  Muslin-underwear  Industry.  Washington,  1915.  184  p. 
(Miscellaneous  Series  No.  29) 

A  study  primarily  of  the  cost  of  production  of  women 's  muslin  under- 
wear in  the  United  States  and  the  relation  of  costs  to  profits,  but  it  con- 
tains considerable  information,  which  is  given  separately  for  New  York 
City,  regarding  general  trade  and  working  conditions,  seasonal  fluctuations, 
average  number  of  employes,  average  daily  and  weekly  wages,  processes 
of  work,  machinery  used,  safety  provisions,  welfare  work,  and  the  size  of 
establishments.  The  investigation  covered  detailed  information  regarding 
65  establishments  in  nine  states,  43  of  which  were  located  in  New  York  City. 

United  States  Immigration  Commission.  Reports  on  Immigrants  in 
Industries.  Vol.  XI.  Clothing  Manufacturing  in  New  York  City. 
p.  365-404.     Washington,   1911. 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's. 

United  States  Public  Health  Service.  Studies  in  Vocational  Disease. 
I.  Health  of  Garment  Workers,  by  J.  W.  Schereschewsky.  II. 
Hygienic  Conditions  of  Illumination  in  Workshops  of  the 
Women's  Garment  Industry,  by  J.  W.  Schereschewsky  and  D.  H. 
Tuck.     Washington,    1915.     224  p.     (Bulletin   No.   71) 

An  intensive  study  of  the  health  of  workers  and  conditions  of  work  in 
the  women's  garment  industry,  based  on  the  investigation  of  a  number  of 
factories  and  the  thorough  physical  examination  of  3,000  men  and  women 
employed  in  these  trades.  The  report  includes,  in  addition  to  thorough 
treatment  of  the  diseases  and  physical  defects  of  the  workers  and  their 
relation  to  the  industry,  general  data  on  occupations,  nativity,  age,  years 
in  the  United  States,  years  in  the  trade,  previous  occupations,  annual  earn- 
ings, hours  of  labor,  and  home  environment  of  workers,  and  a  detailed 
study  of  lighting  in  the  shops  and  other  sanitary  conditions. 

14 


CONFECTIONERY   INDUSTRY 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory 
Workers.     Candy  Trade,     p.  19-22.     New  York,   1913. 

A  brief  sliuly  of  the  candy  trade,  based  on  information  secured  through 
visits  to  54:  workrooms  and  interviews  with  23  workers.  It  covers  general 
conditions  in  the  trade  as  to  wages,  hours  and  overtime,  seasons,  apprentice- 
ship, processes  of  work,  and  workroom  conditions.  This  study  and  the 
others  in  the  series  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable 
trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the  material  is  treated  from 
this   point    of  view. 

Nevir  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Third  Report, 
1914.  Wages  in  the  Confectionery  Industry  in  New  York  City, 
p.  65-103.*     Albany,   1914. 

An  extensive  and  thorough  study  of  the  confectionery  industry  in  New 
York  City,  based  on  schedules  and  payroll  transcriptions  from  61  factories 
and  covering  8,656  workers.  The  report  includes  discussion  and  statistics 
of  weekly  and  annual  earnings,  and  wage  rates,  seasonal  fluctuations,  the 
personnel  of  the  labor  force,  processes  of  work,  general  trade  conditions, 
years  of  experience  in  the  trade,  advances  in  wages,  and  shifting  in  the 
trade. 

Fourth   Report,   1915.     Vol.  IV.     An   Investigation  of  the 

Candv     Industry    to    Determine    the    Possibilities     of     Vocational 
Training,  by  Anna  C.  Phillips,     p.  1347-1361.     Albany,  1915. 

An  investigation  of  the  confectionery  industry  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  possibilities  for  trade  training,  based  on  a  study  of  the  processes  of 
work  in  nine  representative  factories.  The  report  includes  analyses  of  the 
industry  as  a  whole,  of  the  sources  from  which  workers  are  recruited,  and 
of  the  processes  of  work — more  especially  those  which  are  skilled  or  semi- 
skilled. 

Red    Cross    Institute    for    Crippled    and    Disabled    Men.     Publication 

Series    No.    16.     July   24,    1918. 

A  brief  study  of  the  candy  industry  based  on  an  interview  with  the 
President  of  the  State  Candy  Manufacturers  Association,  a  letter  from 
the  "International  Confectioner"  and  visits  to  five  factories.  This  study 
was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place 
disabled  men  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view.  It 
covers  reasons  for  the  growth  of  the  candy  industry  processes,  wages,  hours, 
conditions  in  factories  and  nationalities.  This  information  is  general,  al- 
though special  emphasis   is  placed   on   tlie  opportunities   for   crippled    men. 

Lindsay,  Katherine,  and  Atsatt,  Marjorie.  Public  Health  and  the 
Candy   Industry.     Bureau   of  Women   in    Industry.     July,    1919. 

An  extensive  and  thorough  study  of  the  confectionery  industry  in 
New    York    State    based    on    visits    to    CA)    candy    factories    in    New    York 


•A  second  and  sonu-wliat  fulliT  ri-port  of  tlu-  confci'tioiu  ry  industry  was  pul)- 
lished  by  the  Factory  In vcstiKalitiB  Commission  in  its  Fourtli  Report  in  1915.  How- 
ever, it  combines  the  statistics  for  New  York  City  with  those  secured  for  "up  state." 

15 


City,  Buffalo,  Rochester  and  several  other  cities;  fifty-one  factories  being 
located  in  New  York  City.  This  report  includes  a  brief  history  of  the 
growth  of  the  candy  industry ;  the  laws  regulating  candy  factories  in  New 
York  State;  the  special  regulations  safeguarding  public  health;  the  seasonal 
nature  of  the  work;  the  wages;  the  general  trade  conditions  covering  hours, 
methods  of  teaching  beginners  and  opportunities  for  women.  Special 
emphasis  is  placed  on  the  relation  between  public  health  and  the  candy 
factory.     Many  helpful  suggestions  are  offered. 

COPPERSMITHING  TRADE 

Red    Cross    Institute    for    Crippled    and    Disabled    Men.     Publication 
Series  II,  No.  4.     December  23,  1918.     New  York  City. 

An  intensive  study  of  the  coppersmithing  trade  based  on  visits  to 
shops,  on  interviews  with  journeymen,  foremen,  emplojonent  managers, 
owners  and  others;  and  on  correspondence  with  numerous  shops  that  were 
not  visited.  It  covers  the  early  uses  of  copper,  the  present  and  general 
uses,  the  opportunities  for  employment,  the  nature  of  the  work;  processes, 
health  conditions,  qualifications  of  workmen,  the  training  needed  and  some 
economic  aspects   of  the  coppersmith   trade. 

COSTUME  ILLUSTRATION 

Alliance   Employment   Bureau.     Inquiries   into   Trades   for    Industrial 
Art  Workers.     Costume   Illustration,     p.   12-19.     New  York,   1913 

A  brief  study  of  costume  illustration,  covering  the  several  branches  of 
this  field  of  art  work.  It  gives  descriptions  of  the  various  kinds  of  work, 
and  information  as  to  hours,  seasons,  salaries,  requirements  and  opportu- 
nities for  workers,  and  schools  where  fashion  drawing  is  taught. 

CROCHET  BEADING 

United    States    Employment    Service.     Marie    S.    Ornstein.     Bulletin 
No.  2.     January,   1919. 

A  brief  report  on  the  crochet  beading  industry  covering  the  growth 
and  extent  of  the  industry  in  New  York  City;  character  and  location  of 
the  factories;  processes,  wages,  hours,  seasons,  piecework,  nationalities, 
qualifications  and  method  of  teaching  beginners.  Recommendations  are 
made  as  to  the  type  of  girl  best  fitted  for  this  industry,  and  stress  is  laid 
on  the  strain  of  the  work  on  the  girls. 

DEPARTMENT   STORES 

See    Mercantile    Establishments 

DOLL   INDUSTRY 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.     American  Journal  of  Care  for 
Cripples.     Vol.    VIII.     August,    1919. 

A  brief  report  on  the  doll  industry  based  on  visits  to  twenty-six  fac- 
tories in  New  York  City  and  on  interviews  with  employers.     It  covers  the 

16 


attitude  of  cmplovers;  seasonal  aspects  of  the  trade;  union  connections; 
wages;  hours;  nationalities  employed;  the  location  of  the  trade  and  the 
t\-pe  of  buildings.  This  study  is  one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of 
discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men  and  it  is  from 
this  point  of  view  that  the  material  is  treated. 

DRAFTING 

Federal    Board   for   Vocational   Education.     Opportunity    Monograph 
Vocational  Rehabilitation.     Series  No.  29.     1919,  Washington. 

A  study  of  drafting  made  for  the  purpose  of  interesting  disabled 
soldiers  and  sailors  but  giving  the  main  facts  about  the  trade  as  a  whole. 
It  covers  the  definition  of  drafting  and  the  general  requirements  for  learn- 
ing the  trade;  an  explanation  of  mechanical  drawing,  mechanical  drafting, 
machine  design,  architectural  drafting,  ship  drafting,  patent  drafting,  com- 
mercial and  other  drafting  and  also  lettering.  Approximate  wages  are 
given. 

DRESS   AND  WAIST   INDUSTRY 
See    Clothing   Trades,    Women's 

DRESSMAKING 

State    Department    of    Labor.      Juvenile    Placement    Bureau.      Helen 
Williams.     June,   1921. 

This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  the  vocational 
counselor  with  information  that  would  aid  her  in  giving  advice  to  juveniles 
entering  the  dressmaking  trade.  Both  small  and  large  establishments  were 
visited  and  much  valuable  information  is  given  with  reference  to  training 
needed  for  the  trade  and  opportunities  in  the  trade. 

DRUGS   AND    CHEMICALS 

Red    Cross    Institute    for    Crippled    and    Disabled    Men.     Publication 
Series  1,  No.  16.    July  24,  1918.     New  York  City. 

A  brief  study  of  the  drug  and  chemical  industry  made  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  crippled  and  disabled  men 
but  giving  general  information  about  the  industry.  The  report  covers  the 
kind  of  work,  conditions  under  which  the  work  is  done,  tjT)es  of  buildings, 
location  of  factories,  physical  conditions,  nationalities,  wages  and  hours. 
Many  factories  in  and  near  New  York  City  were  visited. 

ELECTRICAL  TRADE 

Benfer,  Trean  V.     A  Boy's  Questions  Answered  About  the  Electrical 
Trade.     New  York  City,  1919. 

These  answers  are  based  on  information  obtained  by  making  a  survey 
of  various  firms  engaged  in  electrical  contracting,  pul)lic  service,  and  elec- 
trical manufacturing  work.  Fourteen  firms  were  visited,  representing  forty- 
two  interviews.  Tlie  opportunities,  the  wages,  hours,  different  branches  of 
electrical  work,  the  .schools  where  the  boys  may  take  courses  in  electrical 
work  and  the  union  regulations  governing  apprenticeship  in  the  trade  are 
all  presented  in  simple,  concrete  form. 

17 


Redding,  BuUis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples, 
August,    1919,   New  York   City. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  and  near  New  York  City. 
It  covers  possibilities  for  blind  and  crippled  men ;  type  of  factories ;  wages ; 
union,  and  attitude  of  employers.  This  study  is  one  of  a  series  made  for 
the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men ; 
therefore  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment.  Industrial  Education  Survey 
of  the  City  of  New  York,  1918. 

A  comprehensive  report,  based  on  visits  to  small  and  large  shops  in 
New  York  City  and  on  interviews  with  employers  and  union  men.  It  covers 
a  brief  history  of  the  electrical  industries;  a  definition  of  inside  electrical 
wiring;  importance  of  the  trade;  nationality  of  the  workers;  tj-pes  of  the 
electrical  contracting  establishments ;  how  workers  are  trained ;  scale  of 
wages ;  hours ;  regularity  of  employment ;  licenses  for  contractors  and  elec- 
tricians ;  trade  organizations ;  analysis  of  trade ;  knowledge  required  by 
workers  in  all  branches ;  skill  required  by  all  workers ;  a  summary  of  the 
trade  study;  outside  agencies  for  the  training  of  electricians  such  as  voca- 
tional day  schools  and  evening  trade  schools,  and  recommendations  of  trade 
committees. 

FIVE  AND   TEN   CENT   STORES 

See    Mercantile    Establishments. 


FOUNDRY 

Redding,  BuUis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples. 
August,  1919,  New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  foundries  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  It  covers  wages,  physical  conditions,  union,  and  advantages  and 
disadvantages  for  crippled  men.  This  study  is  one  of  a  series  made  for 
the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men 
and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 


FOUNTAIN   PENS 

Redding,  BuUis  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples. 
August,   1919,   New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  and  correspondence  with  the 
Association  of  Manufacturers  of  Fountain  Pen  Holders.  It  covers  working 
conditions,  wages,  learners,  processes,  advantages  and  disadvantages  for 
crippled  men.  This  study  is  one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covering desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men  and  the  material 
is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

18 


FUR  INDUSTRY 

New  York  City  Department  of  Health.  A  Clinical  and  Sanitary  Study 
of  the  Fur  and  Hatters'  Fur  Trade,  by  Louis  I.  Harris,  M.  D. 
New  York,  1915.     24  p.     (Monograph  Series  No.  12.) 

A  study  of  the  fur  trade  in  New  York  City  from  the  point  of  view  of 
the  health  of  the  workers.  It  is  based  on  investigation  of  113  factories  and 
the  physical  examination  of  889  fur  workers.  The  report  includes  a  careful 
description  of  processes  of  work  and  occupations,  as  well  as  age  and  sex  of 
the  workers,  and  detailed  study  of  their  physical  defects  and  the  relation 
of  these  disabilities  to  the  work  done. 


FURNITURE 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples, 
August,  1919,  New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  New  York  City.  It  covers 
the  attitude  of  employers ;  learners ;  unions ;  wages ;  location ;  hours ;  nation- 
alities; advantages  and  disadvantages  for  crippled  men.  This  study  is 
one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  suitable  trades  in  which 
to  place  disabled  men  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

Merchants'  Association  of  New  York.  Industrial  Bureau.  Bulletin 
No.    2,    New    York,    1919. 

A  report  covering  present  conditions  and  the  trend  of  new  develop- 
ments in  the  furniture  industry  in  New  York  City,  showing  why  New  York 
logically  should  be  the  furniture  centre  of  the  country.  The  quality  and 
quantity  of  the  output,  the  market,  the  source  and  the  cost  of  woods,  wages, 
supply  and  efficiency  of  labor,  manufacturing  costs,  and  comparative  wage 
scales  are  included  in  this  report. 

GAS    AND    ELECTRIC    COMPANIES 

New   York  State  Public   Service   Commission  for  the  First   District. 

Annual  Reports.     Vol.   III.     Statistics   of  Gas  and   Electric   Com- 
panies.    Sections    on    Employes    and    Wages. 

Statistics  of  gas  and  electric  companies  in  Greater  New  York,  with 
explanatory  text,  are  published  each  year  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Pu1)lic 
Service  Commission  for  the  First  District.  It  includes  data  regarding  num- 
ber of  employes,  fluctuations  in  employment,  part  time  work,  hours  of  labor, 
average  earnings,  increases  in  average  earnings,  number  of  employes,  and 
the  relation  of  the  labor  cost  to  operating  expenses.  Figures  are  given 
separately  for  each  company  and  for  each  occupation. 

HOTELS 

See  Restaurants   and   Hotels 

INDUSTRIAL  ARTS 

See   Air   Brush   Work 

Costume   Illustration 

Novelty  Painting 

19 


INSURANCE 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples, 
August,  1919,  New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  based  on  interviews  with  twenty-four  insurance  men 
in  New  York  City.  It  covers  the  attitude  of  employers;  wages;  descrip- 
tions of  positions;  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  cripples.  This  study 
is  one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in 
which  to  place  disabled  men,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of 
view. 

JEWELRY 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men.  American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples, 
August,    1919,   New   York   City. 

A  brief  report  on  the  jewelry  trade,  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  New 
York  City,  and  interviews  with  employers.  It  covers  the  attitude  of  em- 
ployers ;  learners ;  wages ;  unions ;  location ;  buildings ;  hours ;  nationalities  ; 
processes  and  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  cripples.  This  study  is 
one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which 
to  place  disabled  men,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

N.  Y.  State  Department  of  Labor.  Juvenile  Placement  Bureau. 
Phyllis  Reid.     June,  1921. 

A  study  of  the  manufacturing  Jewelry  Trade  in  New  York  City,  dis- 
cussing the  nature  of  the  work,  processes,  working  conditions,  trade  organ- 
izations, general  outlook  for  the  trade  and  vocational  recommendations. 
The  purpose  of  the  study  is  to  furnish  information  to  vocational  secretaries 
interested  in  guiding  juveniles  into   industry. 

LAUNDRIES 

Clark,  Sue  Ainslie,  and  Wyatt,  Edith.  Making  Both  Ends  Meet. 
Chapter  VI.  Women  Laundry  Workers  in  New  York.  p.  179-222. 
Macmillan    Co.     New    York,    1911. 

A  study  of  conditions  of  women's  employment  in  steam  laundries  in 
New  York  City,  conducted  by  the  National  Consumers'  League,  covering 
commercial,  hotel,  and  hosj^ital  laundries.  The  report  is  based  on  first-hand 
data  secured  through  the  employment  of  the  League's  investigators  in  a 
number  of  laundries  of  each  type,  and  through  the  inspection  of  some  addi- 
tional establishments.  The  features  of  the  industry  chiefly  observed  were 
sanitation,  danger  of  injury,  wages,  and  hours  of  labor,  especially  in  their 
relation  to  the  health  of  the  workers. 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Working  Conditions  in  New 
York  City  Steam  Laundries.  Bulletin  No.  50,  March,  1913. 
p.   21-36. 

A  summary  of  material  gathered  in  hearings  held  by  the  State  Board  of 
Mediation  and  Arbitration  to  inquire  into  working  conditions  in  laundries 
in  New  York  City  as  a  result  of  a  strike  of  the  workers  in  January,  1912. 
Data  are  presented  on  hours  of  work,  night  work,  wages,  sanitary  conditions, 

20 


and  special  hardships  of  the  work.     Definite  recommendations  for  the  im- 
provement of  conditions  are  made. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Preliminary  Re- 
port, 1912.  Vol.  I.  Women  Workers  in  Factories  in  New  York 
State.  3.  Steam  Laundries  in  New  York  Cit}^  by  Violet  Pike, 
p.  279-286.     Albany,  1912. 

A  brief  statement,  based  on  the  inspection  of  110  laundries  in  New  York 
State,  8-i  of  which  were  in  New  York  City,  of  the  branches  of  the  industry, 
the  processes  of  work,  the  personnel  of  the  labor  force,  the  general  working 
conditions,  and  the  hazards  of  the  trade. 

Fourth  Report,  1915.     Vol.  I.     Study  of  Hotel  Laundries, 

by  Sally  M.  Frankenstein,     p.  921-924.     Albany,  1915. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  women's  work  in  hotel  laundries  in  New 
York  City,  covering  IS  laundries,  employing  477  women.  Conditions  as  to 
sanitation,  safety  provisions,  hours  of  labor,  wages,  and  irregularity  of  work 
are  summarized,  and  recommendations  for  correcting  conditions  are  offered. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Children  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  XII.  Employ- 
ment of  Women  in  Laundries.  Washington,  1911.  121  p.  (Sen- 
ate Document  No.  645) 

A  study  of  women 's  work  in  laundries  in  Chicago,  New  York,  BrookhTi, 
Philadelphia,  and,  on  some  points,  in  Rockford,  111.,  based  on  investigations 
of  315  laundries  and  interviews  with  539  women  laundry  workers.  The  re- 
port covers  general  workroom  conditions,  hours  of  labor,  occupations  and 
processes  of  work,  and,  in  considerable  detail,  the  effect  of  laundry  work 
upon  the  health  of  the  workers. 

Dr.  Louis  I.  Harris  and  Nelle  Swartz.  The  Cost  of  Clean  Clothes  in 
Terms  of  Health.  New  York  City  Department  of  Health  and 
Consumers'  League  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

A  study  made  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Consumers '  League  to  ascer- 
tain whether  this  trade  is  a  menace  to  health,  and  if  so  what  ways  may  be 
found  to  safeguard  the  workers  and  make  the  industry  a  healthful  one. 
The  material  is  based  on  careful  investigations  of  42  steam  laundries  in 
Manhattan  and  Brooklyn  and  on  439  visits  made  to  the  homes  of  women 
employed  in  laundries.  The  report  covers  the  six  types  of  laundries,  the 
processes  of  work,  the  conditions  of  work,  hours,  wages,  nationalities,  relation 
of  work  to  health  of  workers,  a  summary,  recommendations  and  resolutions 
governing  the  conduct  of  laundries  adopted  by  the  Department  of  Health. 

Department  of  Health  of  City  of  New  York.  Laundries  and  the  Pub- 
lic Health.  A  Sanitary  Study  including  Racteriologic  Tests  Pre- 
pared by  M.  C.  Schroeder  and  S.  G.  Southerland.  Public  Service 
Reprint  No.  385,  February,  1917,  Washington. 

A  study  made  to  ascertain  the  methods  employed  in  New  York  City  in 
laundering  clothes,  with  especial  inquiry  into  the  efficacy  of  such  methods 
in  destroying  pathogenic  bacteria,  and  thus  preventing  the  spread  of  disease. 
The  survey  covers  the  methods  employed  in  handling  clothes  in  the  homes,  in 
hand-laundries  and  in  steam-laundries,  and  a  canvass  of  steam-laundry 
managers  to  ascertain  their  opinions  concerning  the  use  of  nets  in  laundries. 

21 


LEATHER 

Industrial  Survey  of  Leather  Industries.     American    Tournal  of  Care 
for   Cripples.     Vol.    VIII.     p.    125-60.     February,    1919. 

Branches  of  industry  explained ;  conditions,  wages,  hours,  nature  of 
work,  training-  needed,  etc.,  with  special  reference  to  openings  for  disabled 
men. 

American  Journal  of  Care  for  Cripples.    Vol.  TV,  No.  1,  p.  13-15.     New 
York  City,  1917. 

A  brief  report  on  the  survey  made  by  the  Employment  Bureau  for 
Crippled  based  on  visits  to  twenty  firms  in  New  York  City,  twelve  being 
thoroughly  investigated.  It  covers  wages,  the  seasonal  character  of  the 
woik  and  the  work  cripples  are  able  to  do. 

Johnston,   Emily  L.     The   Manufacture   of  Leather   Bags,   Purses  and 
Novelties.     School  of  Philanthropy.     May  6,   1918. 

A  report  on  the  manufacture  of  leather  bags  in  New  York  City,  based 
on  visits  to  57  factories.  It  covers  location,  type  of  buildings,  processes  of 
work,  number  of  employes,  ages,  beginners,  wages  and  hours,  advancement, 
unions,  seasons,  nationalities  and  health  conditions. 


LONGSHORE  WORK 

Barnes,   Charles    B.     The    Longshoremen.     Survey    Associates.     New 
York,   1915.     287  p.     Russell   Sage   Foundation   Publication. 

A  study  of  longshoremen  in  the  port  of  New  York,  undertaken  in  1910 
and  1911  under  the  auspices  of  the  Bureau  of  Social  Research  of  the  New 
York  School  of  Philanthropy,  and  based  on  interviews  with  all  tj'pes  of 
waterfront  workeis,  their  employeis,  and  others  having  contact  with  them, 
attendance  at  union  meetings,  and  observations  in  all  parts  of  the  port.  Ir- 
regularity of  emplojinent  is  stressed  throughout  the  report  as  the  outstand- 
ing feature  of  the  trade.  The  study  contains  much  interesting  first-hand 
material  and  descriptive  matter  regarding  characteristics  of  longshoremen, 
their  nationalities,  the  different  types  of  longshore  labor,  the  methods  of 
hiring  workers,  wages  and  earnings,  irregular  employment,  trade  union 
organization,  strikes,  and  accident  and  health  hazards  of  the  trade.  Appen- 
dices summarize  data  regarding  dock  work  in  Boston,  London,  Liverpool 
and  Hamburg. 

MACHINISTS'  TRADE 

Federal    Board    for    Vocational    Education.      Bulletin    52,    Series    13. 
December,   1919.     Washington,   D.   C. 

A  comprehensive  report  made  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  instructors 
and  instructor-trainers.  It  includes  an  analysis  of  the  machinists'  trade 
and  of  general  trade  subjects,  suggestions  on  the  organization  of  material 
and  methods  of  instruction  and  a  suggested  part-time  four-year  apprentice 
program.  Wages,  hours,  and  conditions  of  work  are  not  mentioned  in  this 
report. 

22 


Board  of  Estimate  and  Apportionment.  Industrial  Education  Survey 
of  the   City  of  New   York. 

A  comprehensive  report  of  the  machinist  trade  based  on  visits  to  fifteen 
large  and  many  small  machine  shops.  This  study  includes  a  historical 
sketch;  a  description  of  the  four  basic  tools;  local  landmarks;  importance 
of  the  trade;  numbers  engaged  in  the  trade;  nationality  of  the  workers; 
training;  regularity  of  employment;  scale  of  v^ages;  type  of  machine 
shops;  specialization;  trade  organization;  analysis  of  the  trade;  require- 
ments for  the  machinist;  summary  of  the  trade  study;  outside  agencies  for 
the  training  of  machinists  and  recommendations  of  trade  committees. 

MECHANICAL   DENTISTRY 

School  of   Philanthropy  and   New   York   State   Employment   Bureau. 

June,   1919,   and   Junior   Employment  Service,   May,    1920. 

A  comprehensive  survey  based  on  visits  to  laboratories  and  training 
schools  and  interviews  with  dentists.  It  includes  the  general  background; 
the  size  of  the  laboratories ;  numbers  employed ;  processes ;  working  condi- 
tions such  as  hours,  wages,  and  physical  conditions ;  trade  training ;  the 
general  trade  outlook  and  the  requisites  for  beginners. 

Federal  Board  for  Vocational  Education.  Vocational  Rehabilitation 
Series,   No.  41.     Washington,  August,   1919. 

A  study  made  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  in 
choosing  a  vocation.  It  covers  the  growth  of  this  industry,  the  processes, 
hours,  wages,  physical  conditions,  opportunities,  qualifications,  training,  and 
special  fields,  and  the  information  is  largely  general. 

MEN'S  CLOTHING 
See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's 

MERCANTILE  ESTABLISHMENTS 

Clark,  Sue  Ainslie,  and  Wyatt,  Edith.  :Making  Both  Ends  Meet. 
Chapter  I.  The  Income  and  Outlay  of  Some  New  York  Sales- 
women,   p.  1-43.     Alacmillan  Co.     New  York,  1911. 

A  study  of  trade  histories  of  50  women  employed  in  New  York  de- 
partment stores,  conducted  l)y  the  National  Consumers'  League  through  in- 
terviews with  workers  and  the  employment  of  an  investigator  in  one  of  the 
stores.  While  chiefly  a  budget  study,  the  report  presents  incidentally  data 
that  are  typical  of  working  conditions  in  department  stores,  especially  fus  to 
wages,  hours,  overtime  work  and  compensation,  fines,  and  irregularity  of 
emplojTnent. 

National  Civic  Federation  Review.  Working  Conditions  in  New  York 
Stores.     July   15,    1913.     32  p. 

A  study  of  19  department  stores,  in  New  York  City,  employing  about 
39,000  employes,  undertaken  by  the  Welfare  Department  of  the  National 
Civic  Federation  and  extending  over  a  period  of  moie  than  two  years.  A 
detailed  description  of  Ihe  welfare  work  in  those  stores  is  a  special  feature  of 
the  report.  A  discussion  of  the  length  of  the  working  day,  touoiiing  also 
the  allied  questions  of  overtime  work,  summer  closing  time,  and  Christmas 

23 


work,  with  illustrative  material  drawn  from  study  of  the  policies  of  the 
stores  investigated,  and  statistics  of  classified  and  average  wage  rates,  by 
main  occupational  groups,  drawn  from  the  payrolls  in  17  of  the  stores  by 
public  accountants  for  the  Federation,  form  the  other  two  main  sections  of 
the  report.  There  is  also  a  section  on  the  relation  of  low  wages  in  depart- 
ment stores  to  the  social  evil.  Definite  recommendations  are  embodied  in 
each  of  the  three  main  sections  and  the  special  interest  is  centered  through- 
out on  women's  work. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  Mercantile  Establishments.*  p.  51-174.  Albany, 
1915. 

A  thorough  and  extensive  study  of  mercantile  establishments  in  19 
cities  and  villages  in  New  York  State,  including  70  department  stores,  31 
neighborhood  shops,  and  42  five  and  ten  cent  stores,  emplojdng  in  all  69,933 
workers.  Fifty-six  of  these  stores,  with  a  force  of  56,151,  were  located  in 
New  York  City,  and,  while  much  of  the  statistical  matter  for  New  York  City 
is  combined  with  that  for  the  other  places  investigated,  the  descriptive  mat- 
ter for  the  most  part  makes  special  reference  to  conditions  there,  and  some 
separate  statistics  are  available,  esi^ecially  on  hours  of  work,  rise  in  wages, 
fluctuations  in  emploj-ment,  and  shift  of  the  labor  force.  In  addition  to  the 
data  secured  from  payroll  transcriptions  and  schedules  filled  by  employes, 
comprehensive  treatment  is  given  to  the  business  organization  of  the  depart- 
ment store,  working  conditions,  the  occupations  and  divisions  of  labor,  quali- 
fications of  workers,  wage  policies,  and  policies  as  to  promotions,  vacations, 
welfare  work,  and  mutual  benefit  associations. 

Fourth  Report,  1915.  Vol.  IV.  An  Investigation  of  De- 
partment Store  Work  to  Determine  the  Possibility  of  Vocational 
Training,  by  Iris  Prouty  O'Leary.     p.  1363-1405.     Albany,  1915. 

A  study  of  New  York  City  department  stores  from  the  point  of  view  of 
the  possibility  of  training  for  occupations  in  this  field.  The  report  includes 
descriptions  of  the  importance  and  extent  of  department  store  work,  the 
sources  from  which  the  stores  draw  their  workers,  the  existing  methods  of 
training,  and  an  analysis  of  the  industry  as  a  whole  and  of  the  occupations 
in  all  the  main  branches  of  the  work,  giving  for  each  the  actual  work  done, 
the  knowledge  necessary  for  the  performance  of  the  job,  and  the  possible 
line  of  promotion.  Defuiite  recommendations  and  suggestions  regarding 
training  in  some  branches  of  the  work  are  also   given. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  V.  Wage-earning 
Women  in  Stores  and  Factories.  Washington,  1911.  384  p. 
(Senate  Document  No.  645) 

This  study,  which  deals  chiefly  with  living  conditions  and  home  responsi- 
bilities of  women  at  work  in  both  factories  and  stores  in  seven  cities  in  the 
United  States,  contains  valuable  data  as  well  regarding  the  wages  and 
earnings,  nationality,  ages,  years  of  experience,  hours  of  work,  night  vrork 
and  overtime  of  391  v.'omen  employed  in  New  York  City  department  stores, 
and  regarding  the  proportion  among  these  women  who  are  living  at  home 


*  Preliminary  reports  on  the  investigation  of  mercantile  establishments  are  given 
in  the  Second  and  Third  Reports  of  the  Factory  Investigating  Commission,  1913  and 
1914,    respectively. 

24 


or  who  are  "adrift,"  including  figures  on  their  home  responsibilities  or 
their  independent  living  expenses,  as  the  case  may  be.  There  is  also  some 
discussion  regarding  the  moral  imfiuences  surrounding  department  store 
emploj-ment.  Chapter  VII,  a  section  of  Chapter  XI,  and  Tables  I,  II,  and 
III  in  the  Aj^pendix  contain  material  relating  particularly  to  department 
store  employment  in  New  York  City. 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.  Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled  Men  in  Mercantile  Establishments.  American 
Journal  of  Care   for  Cripples.     August,    1919,   New   York. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  twelve  leading  department  stores  and 
interviews  with  the  executives.  It  covers  the  attitude  of  employers,  unions, 
wages,  locations,  physical  conditions,  hours,  nationalities  and  advantages 
and  disadvantages  for  disabled  men.  The  study  was  made  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  disabled  men,  but  the 
material  is  general. 

State  of  New  York — Department  of  Labor.  Employment  of  Women 
in  5  and   10  cent  Stores.     Bulletin   No.   109. 

A  report  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Women  in  Industry,  discussing 
the  development  of  5  and  10  cent  stores  and  their  policies  regarding  work- 
ing conditions,  both  under  chain  and  independent  management ;  emphasizing 
the  hours  and  wages  of  the  workers  in  these  stores  in  particular  reference 
to  their  length  of  service  and  training.  The  wage  figures  for  2,626  em- 
ployes copied  from  pay-rolls  secured  from  the  management  are  analyzed 
in  detail. 

METAL   INDUSTRIES 

Bureau  of  Women  in  Industry.  Health  Hazards  Involved  in  Grinding 
and  Polishing  with  special  reference  to  Women.  May,  1912,  New 
York. 

A  brief  report  on  the  health  hazards  involved  in  polishing  and  grinding 
including  the  purpose  of  the  report,  excerpts  from  existing  material,  opinions 
and  summary.  This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  whether 
women  should  be  permitted  to  be  employed  at  this  work. 

McMutrie,  Douglas.  The  Cripple's  Ability  as  a  Metal  Worker.  Iron 
Age,  August,   1918. 

A  report  on  the  metal  industry  based  on  visits  to  many  factories  and 
interviews  with  employers.  It  covers  wages,  unions,  nationalities,  processes, 
attitude  of  employers,  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  crippled  men. 
The  material  is  general,  although  the  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of 
discovering  desirable  trades  in  whicli  to  place  disabled  men. 


MILLINERY  TRADE 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  11.  Wages  in  the  Millinery  Trade,  by  Mary  Van 
Kleeck.     p.  361-469.     Albany,   1915. 

25 


A  study  of  wages  and  irregularity  of  emplojonent  of  women  employed 
at  hat  trimming  in  wholesale  and  retail  millinery  establishments  in  Man- 
hattan, based  on  payroll  tianscriptions  for  an  entire  year  in  40  shops  and 
for  3,983  workers,  and  for  a  typical  week  in  56  shops,  and  personal  data 
for  1,363  milliners.  Thorough  analysis  is  made  of  the  wage  statistics  and 
the  fluctuations  in  the  labor  force  and  annual  payroll,  and  information  is 
also  presented  regarding  the  ages,  nativity,  conjugal  condition,  and  years 
of  experience  of  the  workers,  the  workroom  conditions,  method  of  hiring 
workers  and  determining  wages,  processes  of  work,  and  general  features 
of  the  trade. 

N.  Y.  State  Department  of  Labor.  Juvenile  Placement  Bureau.  Carrie 
D.  McComber.     June,   1921. 

A  comprehensive  survey  of  the  Millinery  Trade  in  New  York  City,  made 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  information  about  the  trade  to  vocational  secre- 
taries guiding  juveniles  into  industry.  It  discusses  the  value  of  training 
in  millinery;  classes  of  shops  in  New  York  Cityj  types  of  workers  needed 
in  the  different  shops ;  ability  and  training  required  by  each.  Sixty-three 
millinery  shops  have  been  visited,  of  which  thirty-two  were  wholesale ; 
twenty  retail,  and  eleven,  departments  of  department  stores  and  clothing 
houses.     The  study  contains  much  valuable  information. 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary,  and  Barrows,  Alice  P.  How  Girls  Learn  the  Mil- 
linery Trade.     Survey,  April  16,  1910.     p.  105-113. 

A  brief  study  of  opportunities  for  trade  training  in  the  millinery  trade, 
based  on  an  investigation  of  more  than  200  shops  and  interviews  with  200 
workers.  The  article  also  outlines  general  features  of  the  trade,  occupa- 
tions, seasonal  employment,  hours  of  work,  and  wages. 

Van  Kleeck,  Mary.  A  Seasonal  Industry.  New  York,  1917.  A  Rus- 
sell Sage  Foundation  Publication. 

A  comprehensive  study  of  the  millinery  industry  in  New  York  City 
based  on  visits  to  149  shops,  on  payrolls,  investigations,  and  on  personal 
visits  to  the  homes  of  the  workers.  It  covers  the  scope  and  method  of  in- 
vestigations, the  significance  of  the  trade,  facts  about  the  trade,  location, 
organization  of  the  work  rooms,  nationality  of  the  workers,  the  attitude  of 
the  employer  to  the  employees  and  vice-versa,  seasons,  wages,  piecework, 
difficulty  of  organizing  the  workers,  hours,  methods  of  learning  the  trade, 
schooling  of  workers,  the  question  of  the  desirability  of  teaching  millinery 
in  the  schools,  public  control  and  supplementary  report  on  statistics  of 
seasons  and  wages. 

New  York  City  Department  of  Health.  Division  of  Industrial  Hy- 
giene Conditions  Affecting  Health  in  the  Millinery  Industry, 
March,   1920. 

A  study  of  the  conditions  in  the  millinery  trade  that  affect  the  health 
of  the  workers.  This  study  covers  the  making  of  artificial  flowers,  velvets, 
frames,  and  feathers ;  the  dyeing,  assembling  and  selling,  irregularity  of 
employment,  child  labor,  overtime,  and  the  work  done  by  the  Division  of 
Industrial  Hygiene. 

26 


MOTION  PICTURE 

Publication  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  the  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Series  1,  No.   16.     July  24,   1918,  New  York. 

A  brief  report  ou  the  motion  picture  industry  based  on  interviews  with 
officials  of  six  motion  picture  corporations  and  one  official  of  a  company 
manufacturing  the  motion  picture  machine.  The  report  covers  the  four 
branches  of  the  industrj-,  the  qualifications  for  the  many  different  kinds  of 
positions,  working  conditions,  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  cripples. 
This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in 
which  to  place  crippled  workers  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point 
of  view. 

Young  Women's   Christian  Association.     Brooklyn.     E.  W.   Weaver, 
1917. 

A  brief  study  of  the  motion  picture  photography  based  on  visits  to 
studios,  interviews  with  employers,  etc.  It  covers  the  recent  growth  of  this 
business,  the  various  branches  of  the  industry,  the  duties  and  qualifications 
of  specific  jobs,  courses  of  instruction,  wages  and  hours. 

MUSLIN  UNDERWEAR 
See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

NOVELTY   PAINTING 

Alliance   Employment   Bureau.     Inquiries   into  Trades   for   Industrial 
Art  Workers.     Novelty  Painting,     p.  7-11.     New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  three  representative  branches  of  this  type  of  industrial 
art  work,  based  on.  visits  to  20  firms  and  interviews  witli  a  number  of 
workers.  It  covers  general  conditions  as  to  hours,  wages,  seasons,  require- 
ments for  workers,  workroom  conditions,  home  work,  and  methods  of  learn- 
ing the  trade. 

NURSERY  MAIDS 

United    States    Employment    Service.     Infant    Nurses    and    Nursery 
Maids.     Marie    S.    Ornstein.     January,    1919. 

A  brief  report,  based  on  visits  to  three  training  schools  in  Brookhii 
and  Manhattan.  It  covers  the  course  of  instruction,  hours,  probation, 
graduation,  and  placement,  qualifications  of  applicants  and  recommenda- 
tions. 

PAINT  AND  VARNISH   INDUSTRY 

Redding,  Bullis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.     American  Journal  of  Care  for 
Cripples.     August,   1919. 

A  brief  report  on  the  paint  and  varnish  industry  based  on  visits  to 
factories  in  and  near  New  York  City  and  on  interviews  with  employers. 
It  covers  the  attitude  of  the  employers,  unions,  wages,  location  and  type 
of  buildings,  physical  conditions,  nationalities,  hours  and  processes.  This 
study  is  one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable 
trades  in  wliich  to  place  disabled  men,  but  the  material  is  largely  general. 

21 


PAPER  INDUSTRY 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Series  1,  No.  16,  July  24,  1918.     p.  11-13.     New  York  City. 

A  brief  report  of  the  paper  goods  industry  in  New  York  State.  The 
report  covers  processes,  possibilities  for  crippled  and  disabled  men  and 
working  conditions.  Tliis  is  one  of  a  series  of  studies  made  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  crippled  and  disabled 
men,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

PAPER  BOX  INDUSTRY 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory 
Workers.     Paper  Box  Making,     p.   13-18.     New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  study  of  the  trade,  based  on  information  secured  through  visits 
to  54  workrooms  and  interviews  with  23  girls.  It  covers  general  conditions 
in  the  trade  as  to  wages,  hours  and  overtime,  seasons,  home  work,  processes 
of  work,  apprenticeship,  workroom  conditions,  and  nationality  of  workers. 
This  study,  like  the  others  in  tlie  series,  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covering desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the  material 
is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Third  Report, 
1914.  The  Paper  Box  Industry  in  Greater  Nev^^  York.  p.  105-166.* 
Albany,   1914. 

A  comprehensive  study  of  the  paper  box  trade  in  New  York  City,  based 
on  schedules  and  payroll  transcriptions  from  191  factories  and  9,105  work- 
ers. The  report  includes  discussion  and  statistics  of  weekly  and  annual 
earnings  and  wage  rates,  seasonal  fluctuations,  shift  of  the  labor  force, 
general  trade  conditions,  hours  of  labor,  processes  of  work,  personnel  of  the 
labor  force,  years  of  experience,  home  work,  and  home  and  living  conditions 
for  227  women  workers  interviewed,  including  a  study  of  personal  budgets. 

Fourth  Report,  1915.     Vol.  IV.     An  Investigation  of  the 

Paper   Box   Industry   to   determine   the   Possibility   of   Vocational 
Training,  by  Robert  J.  Leonard,    p.  1243-1346.     Albany,  1915. 

An  investigation  of  the  paper  box  industry  in  New  York  State  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  possibility  for  trade  training,  based  on  a  study  of  15 
factories,  13  of  which  were  in  New  York  City,  and  of  1,467  workers.  It 
includes,  besides  the  manufacture  of  solid  and  folding  boxes,  the  making  of 
cardboard  and  corrugated  containers  and  cases,  jewelry  cases,  and  filing 
cases  and  envelopes.  The  greater  part  of  the  report  is  devoted  to  elaborate 
analyses  of  the  processes  of  work  and  occupations  in  the  different  branches 
of  the  trade  investigated.  It  also  includes  material  on  the  recruiting  of 
workers,  lines  of  promotion,  personal  trade  histories  of  some  of  the  workers, 
distribution  of  the  employes  as  to  sex  and  occupation,  aird  definite  plans  and 
recommendations  as  to  trade  training. 


*  A  second  report  on  the  paper  box  industry  was  published  by  the  Commission 
in  its  Fourth  Report  in  1915.  This  report,  however,  combines  the  figures  for  New 
York  City  with  those  for  New  York  State  as  a  whole.  It  includes  also  a  study 
of   100   accidents    in    the   trade   in   New    York    City. 

28 


Bureau  of  Women,  in  Industry.     New  York  City,  1919. 

A  comprehensive  report  of  the  paper-box  industry  based  on  visits  to  a 
small  but  representative  group  of  thirty  factories,  in  all  parts  of  greater 
New  York  and  on  interviews  with  many  employers  and  with  the  American 
Museum  of  Safety.  The  report  includes  the  history  of  the  paper-box  indus- 
try; the  growth  of  the  industry;  laws  regulating  the  factories  in  New  York 
City;  the  processes  of  the  trade;  accident  hazard  and  safety  devices;  sta- 
tistics of  accidents ;  posture  of  women ;  general  conditions  of  the  trade ; 
work-room  conditions;  hours;  wages  and  a  summary  of  the  strike  which 
lasted  from  August  26th  to  October  13th.    Recommendations  are  offered. 

PARIS  GREEN  AND  SCHEELES  GREEN 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.     Dangers  in  the  Manufacture 
of  Paris  Green  and   Scheeles   Green.     July,   1917. 

This  bulletin  was  issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Industrial  Com- 
mission and  includes  the  extent  of  the  industry,  a  brief  history  of  physical 
properties,  tj-pes  of  factories,  the  result  of  examination  of  many  workers 
and  recommendations  to  employers  and  employees. 

PEDDLING 

Mayor's  Push-Cart  Commission,  New  York  City.     Report  of  the  Com- 
mission,  1906.     233  p. 

A  report  of  conditions  among  push-cart  peddlers  in  New  York  City  by  a 
commission  appointed  to  inquire  especially  into  the  congestion  of  the  streets 
resulting  from  this  trade  and  the  possibilities  of  regulation.  A  census  of 
push-cart  peddlers  was  taken,  showing  the  extent  of  the  trade,  and  facts 
are  presented  also  regarding  the  nationality  and  length  of  residence  in  the 
United  States  of  the  peddlers,  their  supplementary  occupations,  ownership  of 
carts,  kinds  of  goods  sold,  usual  earnings,  licensing  of  carts,  congestion, 
night  peddling,  the  padrone  system,  fire  hazards,  organization  of  peddlers, 
etc.     In  conclusion  a  program  of  recommendations  is  outlined. 

PERFUMERY  TRADE 

Alliance    Employment    Bureau.     Inquiries    into    Trades    for    Factory 
Workers.     The   Perfumery   Trade,     p.  8-12.     New   York,    1913. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  the  trade,  based  on  information  secured 
from  28  firms.  It  covers  general  conditions  in  the  trade  as  to  wages,  hours 
and  overtime,  seasons,  apprenticeship,  nationality  of  workers,  and  workroom 
conditions.  This  study,  like  the  others  in  the  series,  was  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and 
the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

PHOTOGRAPHY 

Redding,  BuUis,  and  Stein,  Gertrude.     Opportunities  for  the  Employ- 
ment of  Disabled   Men.     American  Journal   of  Care  for  Cripples. 
August,   1919,   New  York   City. 
A  brief  report  on   the  photographic   industry  based   on   visits  to  many 

studios  and  on  interviews  with  many  photographers  in  New  York  City.     It 

29 


covers  the  training  required,  nationalities,  piece  work,  wages,  unions,  pro- 
cesses, and  advantages  and  disadvantages  for  crippled  men.  This  study  is 
one  of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which 
to  place  disabled  men,  but  the  material  is  largely  general. 

PIANO  INDUSTRY 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Series  1,  No.  16,  p.  4-7.     July  24,  1918,  New  York. 

A  report  based  on  visits  to  small  and  large  factories  in  New  York  City 
and  on  interviews  with  officials  of  the  Manufacturers '  Association.  It  covers 
processes,  wages,  working  conditions  and  nationalities.  This  study  is  one 
of  a  series  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to 
place  crippled  and  disabled  men,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point 
of  view,  but  much  of  the  information  is  general. 

POSTURE  AND  SEATING 

State  of  New  York — Department  of  Labor.  Special  Bulletin  No.  104. 
Prepared  by  the   Bureau  of  Women  in   Industry. 

In  a   56-page  report   including   52   illustrations,   the   Bureau   discusses 

Posture    in    Industry    and    its    relation    to    Fatigue.      Standards    for    good 

posture  and  practical  suggestions  as  to  how  it  may  be  obtained  are  given, 

and  the  largest  part  of  the  report  is  devoted  to  a  detailed  discussion  of 

standards     of    experiments    for    correct     seating     at    different    industrial 

processes. 

PRINTING  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Second  Report, 
1913.     Vol.  II.     The  Printing  Industry,     p.  514-532.     Albany,  1913. 

A  study  of  the  printing  trade  in  New  York  State,  chiefly  from  the  point 
of  view  of  sanitary  conditions  and  the  health  of  the  workers.  Three  hundred 
and  forty-eight  establishments,  employing  9,047  workers,  were  visited,  and 
as  a  majority  of  these  were  in  New  York  City,  it  is  to  be  assumed  that  the 
conditions  described  are  tj-pical  of  those  prevailing  in  that  city.  In  addi- 
tion to  descriptions  of  sanitary  conditions  and  the  health  of  the  workers, 
material  is  presented  on  processes  of  work,  women's  work  in  the  trade,  the 
dangers  of  the  industry,  and  some  of  the  features  of  the  health  work  of  the 
International  Typographical  Union.  Appendices  give  pi'ovisions  made  in 
Germany  and  in  Switzerland  for  the  protection  of  the  workers'  health. 

RESTAURANT  AND  HOTEL  WORK 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and 
Child  Wage-earners  in  the  United  States.  Vol.  V.  Wage-earning 
Women  in  Stores  and  Factories,  p.  189-199,  362-374.  Washing- 
ton,  1910.     (Senate  Document  No.  645) 

An  investigation  of  women  employed  as  waitresses  in  358  hotels  and 
restaurants  in  7  cities  in  the  United  States,  of  which  102  with  a  force  of 
1,416  waitresses  were  in  New  York  City.  The  main  interest  of  the  report 
is  in  living  conditions,  such  as  home  responsibilities,  cost  of  living,  and 
budget  items  for  women  living  at  home  and  for  those  "adrift,"  but  valuable 

30 


data  are  also  given  on  general  working  conditions  in  this  occupation,  hours  of 
work,  average  weekly  earnings,  and  years  of  experience. 

The  Consumers'  League  of  New  York  City.  Behind  the  Scenes  in 
a   Restaurant,    1916. 

A  comprehensive  report  based  on  visits  to  many  restaurants  of  all  types, 
on  interviews  with  1,017  women  restaurant  employees  and  also  on  interviews 
with  employers.  It  covers  age,  nationality,  family  and  home  conditions, 
hours,  typical  day  and  night  work,  one  rest  day,  wages,  the  tipping  system, 
irregularity  of  employment,  lack  of  opportunity,  and  recommendations  for 
legislative  amendment. 

RUBBER  INDUSTRY 

Morris,  Bert  J.,  and  Paull,  Charles  H.  Opportunities  for  Handicapped 
Men  in  the  Rubber  Industry.  Publication  of  the  Red  Cross  Insti- 
tute for  Crippled  and  Disabled  Men.     June   14,   1919. 

A  comprehensive  report  based  on  the  author's  intensive  study  of  the 
rubber  industry.  It  covers  the  growth  of  the  industry;  its  scope  and  future 
developments;  the  source  of  rubber;  a  description  of  a  modern  factory; 
organization  of  plants;  provisions  for  training  workers;  the  steps  in  the 
preparation  of  crude  rubber;  reclamation  of  old  rubber;  making  rubber 
shoes,  boots,  mackintoshes,  medical  goods,  mechanical  rubber  goods,  tires, 
etc.  "Wages  and  operations  as  a  whole  are  given  with  special  reference  to 
opportunities  for  the  handicapped. 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Series  1,  July  24,  1918.     No.  16.     p.  8-11.     New  York. 

A  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  New  York  City,  where  various 
types  of  rubber  goods  are  manufactured.  The  report  covers  processes, 
working  conditions,  hours,  wages,  and  nationalities.  This  study  is  one  of  a 
series  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  desirable  trades  in  which  to 
place  crippled  and  disabled  men,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this 
point  of  view. 

SAMPLE  MOUNTING  AND   CASE   MAKING 

Alliance  Employment  Bureau.  Inquiries  into  Trades  for  Factory 
Workers.  Sample  Mounting  and  Sample  Case  Making,  p  i-j. 
New  York,  1913. 

A  brief  report  on  a  study  of  these  trades,  based  on  visits  to  45  work- 
rooms and  interviews  with  a  number  of  workers.  It  covers  general  con- 
ditions in  the  trades  as  to  wages,  hours  and  overtime,  apprenticeship,  seasons, 
homo  work,  requirements  for  workers,  and  workroom  conditions.  This  study, 
like  the  others  in  the  series,  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desir- 
able trades  in  which  to  place  women  workers,  and  the  material  is  treated 
from  this  point  of  view. 

SHEET   METAL  GOODS   INDUSTRY 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Scries    1,   No.    16,  p.   15-18.     July  24,   1918,   New   York   City. 

31 


A  report  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  New  York  City,  and  interviews 
with  employers.  It  covers  processes,  working  conditions,  wages,  and  na- 
tionalities. This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable 
trades  in  which  to  place  crippled  and  disabled  men,  and  the  material  is 
treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

SHIRT  INDUSTRY 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Men's 

SHIRTWAIST  INDUSTRY 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

SHOE  INDUSTRY 

Allen,  Frederick  J.  Opportunities  for  the  Employment  of  Handi- 
capped Alen  in  the  Shoe  Industry.  Publication  of  the  Red  Cross 
Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled  Men.     May  15,  1919. 

A  comprehensive  report  based  on  the  author's  intensive  study  of  the 
boot  and  shoe  industry,  covering  visits  to  factories  and  interviews  with 
manufacturers  and  employees.  It  covers  the  employment  of  handicapped 
men;  the  description  of  a  modern  shoe  factory;  the  magnitude  of  the  in- 
dustry; the  cities  leading  in  this  industry;  organization  of  a  shoe  factory; 
methods  in  shoe  manufacture ;  wages ;  the  shoe  repairing  industry ;  train- 
ing of  employees;  employment  conditions  such  as  piece  work  and  time 
pajTnent;  shoe  machinery  and  seasonal  aspect  of  the  trade. 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Series  1,  No.  16.  p.   13-15,  July  24,   1918.     New  York  City. 

A  report,  based  on  interviews  with  employers  and  visits  to  factories  in 
New  York  City.  It  covers  processes,  working  conditions,  wages,  hours, 
buildings,  fire  risk  safety  and  nationalities.  This  study  was  made  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  crippled  and  dis- 
abled men,  and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view. 

Survey  Made  by  Mary  Lattimer  of  the  State  Employment  Bureau. 
November,  1918. 

A  comprehensive  study  of  the  shoe  industry  in  Brooklj-n,  based  on 
visits  to  seventeen  factories,  representing  the  makers  of  the  finest  footwear 
for  women  in  the  United  States.  This  report  covers  the  processes,  such 
as  sorting,  cutting,  fitting,  lasting,  finishing  and  packing;  v/orking  condi- 
tions, such  as  types  of  buildings,  physical  conditions,  hours,  nationalities, 
wages,  seasons,  and  unions. 

SILK  INDUSTRY 

Publications  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute  for  Crippled  and  Disabled 
Men.     Series  1,  No.  16,  p.  18-19.     July  24,  1918.     New  York  City. 

A  brief  report,  based  on  visits  to  factories  in  New  York  City  and  in- 
terviews with  employers.  Although  this  study  was  made  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  desirable  trades  in  which  to  place  crippled  and  disabled  men 
and  the  material  is  treated  from  this  point  of  view,  most  of  the  information 
is  general.  The  report  includes  data  on  processes,  wages,  and  working 
conditions. 

32 


STRAW  SEWING 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.     Wages  of  Straw-braid  Sewers. 
Bulletin  No.  32,  March,   1907.     p.  57-58. 

A  brief  statement  regarding  wages  and  seasonal  fluctuations  in  employ- 
ment for  straw-braid  sewers,  based  on  an  analysis  of  the  payroll  of  a  repre- 
sentative straw  hat  manufacturer  in  New  York  City,  and  the  observations 
of  a  labor  inspector  who  had  had  considerable  contact  with  the  trade  in  the 
course  of  his  work. 

STREET   RAILWAYS 

See  Transportation 

TELEGRAPH  OPERATING 


United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Investigation  of  Western  Union  and 
Postal  Telegraph-Cable  Companies.  Washington,  February,  1909. 
554  p.      (Senate   Document   No.  725) 

A  comprehensive  investigation  into  the  volume,  extent,  and  methods 
of  handling  business,  the  wages,  hours  of  labor  and  other  working  conditions 
in  telegraph  companies  engaged  in  interstate  activity.  It  is  based  on 
schedules  and  pajToll  data  from  the  companies,  interviews  with  employees, 
and  visits  to  places  of  work  in  27  important  cities,  including  New  York  City. 
Separate  statistics  for  New  York  are  available  throughout. 

TELEPHONE  OPERATING 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.  Statistics  of  Night  Telephone 
Operators.     Bulletin    No.    S3,    December,    1912.     p.   389-404. 

An  investigation  of  night  work  among  women  telephone  operators  in 
New  York  State,  based  on  information  from  150  companies  and  concerning 
10,547  operators.  The  report  presents  data  showing  the  occupation  and 
number  of  operators,  the  number  employed  at  night  work,  their  ages,  hours 
of  work,  time  of  beginning  and  ending  work,  wages,  years  of  service,  and 
whether  living  at  home  or  boarding.  New  York  City  figures  are  given 
separately  on  every  point  treated. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Fourth  Report, 
1915.  Vol.  II.  Wages  Paid  by  the  New  York  Telephone  Com- 
pany to  Various  Classes  of  Operatives  in  the  Different  Cities  of 
New  York   State,     p.  471-478.     Albany,   1915. 

A  statement  prepared  by  the  New  York  Telephone  Company  for  the 
Factory  Investigating  Commission,  giving  the  organization  of  the  force, 
the  regulations  regarding  Sunday  and  holiday  work,  information  regarding 
payments  for  overtime  work,  vacations,  bonuses,  pensions,  benefits,  and  full 
presentation  of  wage  rate  scales  for  New  York  City  by  boroughs  and  for 
other  cities  in  the  state.  All  data  other  than  those  on  wages  are  given 
separately  for  "upstate"  and  "dowmstate"  divisions,  not  for  separate 
cities,  but  "downstate"  conditions  in  general  are  i)iobahly  typical  of  New 
York   City. 

33 


United  States  Bureau  of  Labor.  Investigation  of  Telephone  Com- 
panies. Washington,  February,  1910.  340  p.  (Senate  Document 
No.  380) 

An  investigation  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  of  telephone 
companies  engaged  in  interstate  business,  covering  27  companies  in  26  states. 
The  report  includes  data  on  wages,  hours  of  labor,  physical  conditions  of 
work,  training  of  workers,  organization  of  the  force,  description  of  telephone 
work,  union  organization  and  strikes,  and  methods  of  handling  business. 
Separate  statistics  for  New  York  City  are  available  throughout  the  report. 

State  of  New  York — Department  of  Labor.  Special  Bulletin.  Pre- 
pared by  the  Bureau  of  Women  in  Industry.  July,  1920,  Albany, 
New  York.     No.   100. 

A  very  comprehensive  report  on  the  telephone  industry  in  New  York 
State.  This  report  is  based  on  a  studj^  of  the  payrolls,  on  personal  inter- 
views with  employees  and  officials  of  the  company;  on  visits  to  some  of  the 
rest-rooms  maintained  by  the  company,  and  to  the  training-school.  It  in- 
cludes recommendations;  an  introduction;  the  scope  of  study;  systems  of 
employment  and  training,  covering  all  means  employed  to  secure  operators ; 
the  operating  force ;  basic  hours  vs.  actual  working  hours ;  overtime  work ; 
absenteeism;  broken  time;  wages;  labor  turnover  and  length  of  service; 
working  conditions,  such  as  ventilation,  seats,  lockers,  rest-rooms,  lunch- 
room service,  supervision,  the  public's  part  and  rest  periods;  medical  de- 
partment ;  employee 's  benefit  fund ;  miscellaneous  benefits ;  employee 's  rep- 
resentative plan  and  appendix  and  statistical  tables. 

TOBACCO  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.  Second  Report, 
1913.     Vol.  II.     The  Tobacco  Industry,     p.  487-513.     Albany,  1913. 

A  study  of  sanitary  conditions  and  the  health  of  workers,  especially 
women,  in  the  tobacco  industry,  including  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  of 
cigarettes,  of  chewing  and  smoking  tobacco,  and  of  snuff.  It  is  based  chiefly 
on  the  physical  examination  of  600  women  employes  of  21  factories  in  New 
York  City,  but  also  includes  a  general  description  of  sanitary  conditions 
in  a  larger  number  of  factories.  The  report  presents  discussion  and  sta- 
tistics bearing  on  the  branches  of  the  industry,  the  ages,  nativity,  con- 
jugal condition,  years  in  the  trade,  and  diseases  found  among  the  women 
examined,  sanitary  conditions  in  the  shops,  comfort  provisions,  welfare  work, 
and  child  labor,  as  well  as  summaries  of  facts  regarding  health  in  the  in- 
dustry in  foreign  countries. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  Wages  and  Hours  of  Labor 
in  the  Cigar  and  Clothing  Industries,  1911  and  1912.  p.  5-24. 
Washington,   1913.     (Bulletin   No.  135.) 

A  study  showing  hourly  rates  of  wages  in  the  principal  occupations  in 
the  cigar  manufacturing  industry  in  1911  and  1912,*  based  on  data  obtained 
from  49  factories  and  11,541  employees  in  eight  cities  in  the  United  States, 
including  New  York  City.     A  statement  regarding  general  trade  conditions. 


*  A  later  bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  (No.  161,  1915)  gives  wages  also 
for  1913,  but  does  not  include  as  full  statistics  or  descriptive  matter  as  Bulletin 
No.   135. 

34 


as  to  method  of  wage  payment,  hours  of  work,  the  importance  of  the  in- 
dustry, and  a  careful  description  of  the  principal  productive  occupations 
are  also  included  in  the  report.  Most  of  the  data  are  given  separately  for 
each  city. 

Publications   of  the   Red   Cross   Institute   for   Crippled   and   Disabled 
Men.     July  24,  1918.     Series  1,  No.  16,  p.  19-22. 

A  brief  report  based  on  visits  to  many  factories  in  or  near  New  York 
City.  This  study  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  desirable  trades 
in  which  to  place  crippled  and  disabled  men  and  the  material  is  treated 
from  this  point  of  view.  The  report  covers  processes,  working  conditions 
such  as  the  strength  of  the  union,  wages,  hours,  number  of  factories,  types 
of  buildings,  lack  of  welfare  work,  physical  conditions  and  nationalities. 

TRANSPORTATION 

New  York  State   Public   Service   Commission   for  the   First   District. 

Annual    Reports.     Vol.     II.     Statistics    of    Transportation     Com- 
panies.    Sections  on  Employes  and  Wages. 

Statistics  of  street  railways  in  Greater  New  York,  with  explanatory 
text,  are  published  each  year  in  the  annual  report  of  the  Public  Service 
Commission  for  the  First  District.  It  includes,  for  subways,  elevated  roads, 
and  surface  lines,  data  regarding  the  number  of  employees,  variation  in 
amount  of  emplo^inent,  average  and  classified  wages,  hours  of  work,  in- 
creases in  wage  rates,  and  stability  of  employment.  Figures  are  given 
separately  for  each  transportation  company  and   for  each  occupation. 

United   States   Bureau   of    Labor   Statistics.     Women    Street    Railway 
Employees,   by    Benjamin   Squires.     May,   1918,   Washington. 

A  comprehensive  report  on  women  as  street  railway  employees  in  New 
York  City.  The  report  covers  the  reasons  for  the  employment  of  women ; 
a  discussion  of  the  nature  of  the  work ;  the  hours ;  evening  work ;  rest 
rooms  and  toilets ;  lunch  rooms ;  uniforms ;  the  wage  scale ;  the  attitude  of 
the  public  and  of  women's  organizations  and  of  men  employees;  and  it 
closes  with  a  definite  recommendation  that  women  should  not  be  employed 
on  street  railways. 

WAITRESSES 

See  Restaurants  and  Hotels 

WOMEN'S  CLOTHING 

See  Clothing  Trades,  Women's 

WOOD  ALCOHOL  INDUSTRY 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor.     Dangers  in  the   Manufacture 
and    Industrial  Uses  of  Wood  Alcohol.     December,   1*'17,   .Mliany. 

A  comprehensive  report  on  the  dangers  in  the  manufacture  and  indus- 
trial uses  of  wood  alcohol.  It  covers  the  manufacture  of  wood  alcoiiol ; 
the  dangers  in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  flowers,  pencils,  furniture, 
varnish,  hats,  etc..  a  list  of  cases  of  poisoning;  conclu.sive  and  sngi;cstive 
rules. 


270205 


ADDRESSES  OF  PUBLISHERS  AND  OTHERS  FROM  WHOM 
REPORTS  CAN  BE  OBTAINED 

*Bureau  of  Women  in  Industry. 

Macmillan  Company,  The,  64  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

National  Civic  Federation,  1  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

New  York  City  Commissioner  of  Accounts,  Municipal  Building,  New  York 
City. 

New  York  State  Department  of  Labor,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

New  York  State  Factory  Investigating  Commission.     Reports  can  be  ob- 
tained through  J.  B.  Lyon  Company,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

Survey  Associates,  Inc.,  12  East  Nineteenth  Street,  New  York  City. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Department  of 
Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 

United  States  Bureau  of  Labor 


United  States  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics 


Department  of  Labor, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


United  States  Immigration  Commission.  Reports  can  be  obtained  from 
Superintendent  of  Documents,  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

United  States  Public  Health  Service,  Treasury  Department,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

University  Settlement  Society,  184  Eldridge  Street,  New  York  City. 


*  Bureau    of    Women    in    Industry    of    State    Industrial    Commission, 
120  East  28th  Street,  New  York  City. 


Select  Printing  Company 
New  York 


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